Transformation of Sentence only for JSC

The note consist of_

Transformation of Sentence.

ü Comparison of Adjective

ü Affirmative Changing

ü Voice change

Comparison of Adjective

There are three forms of comparison:

·         positive

·         comparative

·         superlative

Adjectives with one syllable

positive	comparative	superlative
clean	cleaner	cleanest
new	newer	newest
cheap	cheaper	cheapest

Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings:

Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y

positive	comparative	superlative
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest
easy	easier	easiest
happy	happier	happiest
pretty	prettier	prettiest

Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -er

positive	comparative	superlative
clever	cleverer	cleverest

Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -le

positive	comparative	superlative
simple	simpler	simplest

Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -ow

positive	comparative	superlative
narrow	narrower	narrowest

Spelling of the adjectives using the endings -er/-est

positive	comparative	superlative	comment
large	larger	largest	leave out the silent -e
big	bigger	biggest	Double the consonant after short vowel
sad	sadder	saddest
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest	Change -y to -i (consonant before -y)
shy	shyer	shyest	Here -y is not changed to -i. (although consonant before -y)

Comparison with more – most

all adjectives with more than one syllable (except some adjectives with two syllables)

positive	comparative	superlative
difficult	more difficult	(the) most difficult

Irregular adjectives

positive	comparative	superlative	comment
good	better	best
bad	worse	worst
much	more	most	uncountable nouns
many	more	most	countable nouns
little	less	least
little	smaller	smallest

Special adjectives

Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (-er/est and more/most).

positive	comparative	superlative
clever	cleverer / more clever	cleverest / most clever
common	commoner / more common	commonest / most common
likely	likelier / more likely	likeliest / most likely
pleasant	pleasanter / more pleasant	pleasantest / most pleasant
polite	politer / more polite	politest / most polite
quiet	quieter / more quiet	quietest / most quiet
simple	simpler / more simple	simplest / most simple
stupid	stupider / more stupid	stupidest / most stupid
subtle	subtler / more subtle	subtlest / most subtle
sure	surer / more sure	surest / most sure

Difference in meaning with adjectives

positive	comparative	superlative	comment
far	farther	farthest	distance
	further	furthest	distance or time
late	later	latest
	latter	x
	x	last
old	older	oldest	people and things
	elder	eldest	people (family)
near	nearer	nearest	distance
	x	next	order

Superlative to Positive degree

ü Rule-1 :

Superlative degreeকে positive degree করার সময় _

No other + Extention+ verb(Singular) + as + adjective+ as + subject .

Superlative           : Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.
Positive       : No other city in Bangladesh is as large as Dhaka.

Superlative : She is the best house wife.

Positive       : No other house wife is as good as she.

Superlative : He is the best boy in the class.

Positive       : No other boy in the class is as good as he.

Superlative : She is the smallest girl in our locality.

Positive       : No other girl in our locality is as small as she.

ü Rule-2 :

Superlative degreeতে one of the words উল্লেখ থাকলে positive করার সময় very few দ্বারা শুরু করতে হয়।
Very few + Extention+ verb(Plural) + as + adjective+ as + subject .

Superlative : He is one of the tallest boys in the class.
Positive       : Very few boys in the class are as tall as he.

Superlative : Bangladesh is one of the smallest countries in the world.

Positive       : Very few countries in the world are as small as Bangladesh.

Superlative degree to Comparative degree

ü Rule-3:

Superlative degree থেকে comparative করার সময় শুধু adjective পরিবর্তন করতে হয় এবং এর পরে than any other বসে।

Superlative degree-এর adjective ‘est’ বাদ দিয়ে ‘er’ যোগ করলে comparative হয়।

Superlative : Rana is the shortest boy in the class.
Comparative : Rana is shorter than any other boy in the class.
Superlative : Dhaka is the oldest city in Bangladesh.
Comparative : Dhaka is older than any other city in Bangladesh.

ü Rule- 4:

Superlative degreeতে one of the words উল্লেখ থাকলে comparative করার সময় adjective-এর পর than most other বসে।

Superlative : Tiger is one of the most ferocious animals.
Comparative : Tiger is more ferocious than most other animals.

Do yourself.
1. Dhaka is the oldest city in Bangladesh.(Comparative)
2. Shilpi is one of the best girl in the class. (Comparative)
3. Sher-E-Bangla was not less powerful than a tiger.(Positive)
4. Every metal is not as precious as gold.(Superlative)
5. The Padma is the largest river in Bangladesh.(Positive)

Affirmative to Negative:

ü Rule 5:

Only এর পরিবর্তে বাক্যের শুরুতে None but বসে। আর কোন পরিবর্তন হয়না।

Affirmative: Only he can play good cricket.

Negative: None but he can play good cricket.

Affirmative: Only the science students can apply for the post.

Negative: None but the science students can apply for the post.

Affirmative: Only they can do the work.

Negative: None but they can do the work.

Note: বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে nothing but বসে। তবে বয়সের ক্ষেত্রে বা সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে only এর পরিবর্তে not more than বসে।

Affirmative: He is only four.

Negative: He is not more than four.

Affirmative: They have only two cars.

Negative: They have not more than two cars.

ü Rule 6:

Affirmative sentence এ must থাকলে negative করার সময় must এর পরিবর্তে can not but/ can not help বসে। তবে can not help এর পরে যে verb থাকে তার সাথে ing যুক্ত করতে হয়।

Affirmative: you must yield to your fate.

Negative: You can not but yield to your fate.

Affirmative: We must obey our parents.

Negative: we can not but obey our parents.

Affirmative: you must care them.

Negative: You can not help caring them.

ü Rule 7:

Every কে Negative করতে হলে every এর পরিবর্তে There is no বসে + every এর পরের শব্দটি বসে + but + প্রদত্ত sentence এর বাকী অংশ।

Affirmative: Everyone hates a terrorist.

Negative: There is no one but hates a terrorist.

Affirmative: Everybody fears a lion.

Negative: There is no body but hates a liar.

ü Rule 8:

Affirmative sentence কে Negative করার সময় উক্ত sentence এর Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়। এবং উক্ত Negative এর পূর্বে not বসাতে হয়। বাকী সব থিক থাকে।

Affirmative: He is a good man.

Negative: He is not a bad man.

Affirmative: Rakib is an honest boy.

Negative: Rakib is not a dishonest boy.

Affirmative: This was an extra-ordinary ship.

Negative: This was not an ordinary ship.

ü Rule 9:

Always যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে Always এর পরিবর্তে never বসে। Affirmative শব্দটির Negative রূপ বসাতে হয়।

Affirmative: He was always punctual.

Negative: He was never late.

Affirmative: I always tell truth.

Negative: I never tell lie.

ü Rule 10:

Superlative degree যুক্ত Affirmative sentence কে Negative করতে হলে –

No other + superlative এর পরের অংশ + verb + as + superlative degree এর positive form + as + প্রদত্ত sentence এর subject.

Affirmative: He is the best batsman in the team.

Negative: No other batsman in the team is as good as he.

Affirmative: You are the best boy in the class.

Negative: No other boy in the class is as good as you.

Voice

Voice is the form of the verb which indicates whether the subject does the work or something has been done to it.

ক্রিয়া প্রকাশের ভঙ্গিমাকেই voice বা বাচ্য বলে। ক্রিয়ার প্রকাশভঙ্গি বলে দেয় কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছেন, না কর্তার দ্বারা কোন কাজ সম্পন্ন হচ্ছে।

অথবা

Voice হলো verb এর গঠন যার দ্বারা subject নিজে কিছু করে বা অন্যের কাজ তার ওপর এসে পড়ে।

Voice Change

There are two types of voice:

Active voice.

Passive voice.

Active voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে সক্রিয় বা active হয়ে কাজ সম্পন্ন করে সে sentence এ verb এর Active voice হয়।

Structure:

Subject + verb + object.(SVO)

Example: I do the work.

Passive voice:

যে sentence এ subject নিজে কাজটি করে না বরং object এর কাজটি তার ওপর এসে পড়ে তখন সে sentence এ verb এর passive voice হয়।

Structure:

Object + be verb + V3+ by+ subject.

Example: The work is done by me.

Active voice কে passive voice এ রুপান্তর করার নিয়ম:

Indefinite tense:

a)       Present indefinite – am, is, are.

b)      Past indefinite – was, were.

c)       Future indefinite – shall be, will be.

Continuous tense:

a)       Present Continuous- am being, is being, are being.

b)      Past Continuous – was being, were being

c)       Future Continuous - shall be being, will be being.

Perfect tense:

a)       Present Perfect – has been, have been.

b)      Past Perfect- had been.

c)       Future Perfect- shall have been, will have been.

ü Rule 11:

a)       Active voice এর subject টি passive voice এর object হয়ে যায়।

b)      Active voice এর object টি passive voice এর subject এ রুপান্তর হয়।

c)       মূল verb এর past participle হয় এবং subject ও tense অনুসারে auxiliary verb/be verb হয়।

Example:

Active         :I do the work.

Passive       :The work is done by me.

Active         : We are digging a canal

Passive       : A canal is being dug by us.

Active         : They play football.

Passive       : Football is played by them.

ü Rule 12:

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Passive       : Air pollution should be stopped.

Active         : We/people should stop air pollution.

Passive       : Computer was not invented overnight.

Active         : Inventors did not invent computer overnight.

Passive       : He should be respected.

Active         : We should respect him.